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The Duchy of the Archipelago ((イタリア語:Ducato dell'arcipelago), (ギリシア語:Δουκάτον Αρχιπελάγους)) or also Duchy of Naxos ((イタリア語:Ducato di Nasso), (ギリシア語:Δουκάτον Νάξου)) or Duchy of the Aegean ((イタリア語:Ducato dell'Egeo), (ギリシア語:Δουκάτον Αιγαίου)) was a maritime state created by Venetian interests in the Cyclades archipelago in the Aegean Sea, in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, centered on the islands of Naxos and Paros. It included all the Cyclades (except Mykonos and Tinos). In 1537 it became a tributary of the Ottoman Empire, and was annexed by the Ottomans in 1579; however, Christian rule survived in islands such as Siphnos (conquered by the Ottomans in 1617) and Tinos (conquered only in 1714). ==Background and establishment of the Duchy== The Italian city states, especially the Republic of Genoa, Pisa, and the Republic of Venice, had been interested in the islands of the Aegean long before the Fourth Crusade. There were Italian trading colonies in Constantinople and Italian pirates frequently attacked settlements in the Aegean in the 12th century. After the collapse and partitioning of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, in which the Venetians played a major role, Venetian interests in the Aegean could be more thoroughly realized. The Duchy of the Archipelago was created in 1207 by the Venetian nobleman Marco Sanudo, a participant in the Fourth Crusade and nephew of the former Doge Enrico Dandolo, who had led the Venetian fleet to Constantinople. This was an independent venture, without the consent of the Latin emperor Henry of Flanders. Sanudo was accompanied by Marino Dandolo and Andrea and Geremia Ghisi (as well as Filocalo Navigajoso, possibly). He arranged for the loan of eight galleys from the Venetian Arsenal, set anchor in the harbor of Potamidides, in the southwest of Naxos, and largely captured the island. The Naxiotes continued to resist, however, and established a base inland, around the fortress of Apalyros/Apalire. The latter fell to Sanudo after a five or six weeks' siege, despite the assistance rendered to the Greeks by the Genoese, Venice's main competitors. With the entire island occupied in 1210, Sanudo and his associates soon conquered Melos and the rest of the islands of the Cyclades, and he established himself as ''Duke of Naxia'', or ''Duke of the Archipelago'', with his headquarters on Naxos. Sanudo rebuilt a strong fortress and divided the island into 56 provinces, which he shared out as fiefs among the leaders of his men, most of whom were highly autonomous and apparently paid their own expenses. Navigaojso had been granted his island domain by Henry of Flanders and was technically vassal of the Latin Empire; Sanudo himself recognized the Latin Empire's authority rather than making the Duchy a vassal of Venice. The conqueror himself ruled for twenty years (1207–27). He held in his personal possession Paros, Antiparos, Milos, Sifnos, Kythnos, Ios, Amorgos, Kimolos, Sikinos, Syros, and Pholegandros. Sanudo's fellow crusaders conquered lordships of their own, sometimes as vassals of Sanudo like Dandolo for Andros. Although they are often considered to have become Sanudo's vassals as well,〔cf. Longnon (1969), p. 239〕 the Ghisi brothers, who held Tinos, Mykonos, and the Northern Sporades (Skiathos, Skyros, Skopelos) never recognized the suzerainty of Sanudo. Instead, like him they were directly vassals of the Latin Emperors.〔Setton (1976), p. 19 note 78〕 Some families thought earlier〔cf Longnon (1969), pp. 238–239, basing himself on the works of Karl Hopf〕 to have settled at this time in the islands (Querini, Barozzi) were in fact established in the 14th century.〔Louise Buenger Robbert, ''Venice and the Crusades'' in ''A History of the Crusades vol.V'' p 432, citing the works of Silvano Borsari and of R-J Loenertz〕 Further south, Kythera (or ''Cerigo''), held by Marco Venier, and Antikythera (or ''Cerigotto''), held by Jacopo Viaro chose to become vassals of Venice.〔Longnon (1969), p. 239〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Duchy of the Archipelago」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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